Natural hazards may or may not be depicted on the data and maps, and land users should exercise due caution. The data and maps may not be used to determine title, ownership, legal descriptions or boundaries, legal jurisdiction, or restrictions that may be in place on either public or private land. These geospatial data and related maps or graphics are not legal documents and are not intended to be used as such. The Diggings™ makes no warranty, expressed or implied, including the warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose, nor assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, reliability, completeness or utility of these geospatial data, or for the improper or incorrect use of these geospatial data. The Diggings™ accepts no liability for the content of this data, or for the consequences of any actions taken on the basis of the information provided. PALAIOS is the journal of choice for publishing innovative research involving all aspects of past and present life from which geological, biological, chemical, and atmospheric processes can be deciphered and applied to finding solutions to past and future geological and paleontological problems.Information hosted on The Diggings™ is based on publicly available data through the Bureau of Land Management. Accordingly, manuscripts whose subject matter and conclusions have broader geologic implications-rather than narrowly focused discourses-are much more likely to be selected for publication. PALAIOS publishes original papers that emphasize using paleontology to answer important geological and biological questions that further our understanding of Earth history. Founded in 1986, it is a bimonthly journal which disseminates information to an international spectrum of geologists and biologists interested in a broad range of topics, including, but not limited to, biogeochemistry, ichnology, paleoclimatology, paleoecology, paleoceanography, sedimentology, stratigraphy, geomicrobiology, paleobiogeochemistry and astrobiology. PALAIOS content emphasizes the impact of life on Earth's history. Newly named taxa include the alga Cylindrofolia glenisteri and the problematic Asphaltina? macadami. In Eurasia, the Humboldt assemblage best correlates to the late Tournaisian Kizel horizon and equivalent beds of the Russian Platform, Urals, and Ukraine. Faunal gaps higher in the ZTF suggest that shelf sedimentation at some localities in the Cordillera may have been interrupted again later in the early Osagean. This break, which lies at the Kinderhookian-Osagean boundary, can be recognized widely in the western-shelf seaway where ZTF assemblages generally have been misinterpreted as late rather than early Osagean. Comparison of the Humboldt microfauna to this succession indicates that an hiatus probably separates the oolite from the underlying Gilmore City Limestone, which contains a pre-ZTF assemblage. Analysis of early Osagean microfossil occurrences within the Cordillera permits definition of an informal "Zone of Tuberculate Foraminifers" (ZTF) composed, in ascending order, of the "subzones" (1) Tuberendothyra tuberculata, (2) Spinoendothyra spp., (3) Inflatoendothyra spp., and (4) Eoforschia moelleri group-Paradainella spp. This assemblage, previously unknown east of the Transcontinental Arch, occurs commonly in western North America, thus facilitating foraminiferal correlations between that area and the Midcontinent. Tuberculate foraminifers dominate the calcareous microfauna of the early Osagean Humboldt Oolite in north-central Iowa.
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